Efficient Markets Hypothesis(Financial Economics) Essay

Productive Markets Hypothesis(Financial Economics) - Essay Example The arbitrary development contention of frail type of proficiency may not be legitimate contention as exploration considers have plainly delineated a positive connection between's level of tending saw in costs just as the timespan. This thusly obviously plots that the costs don't follow an arbitrary way but instead show certain patterns. It is in any case, basic to take note of that these period are not moderately long however slants do develop over certain timeframe. Social financial analysts contend that business sectors are flawed in light of the conduct and subjective predispositions. Blemishes in the market rise because of these subjective practices and as such markets may not proficiently work. These intellectual inclinations develop because of carelessness, data and portrayal predisposition and other human mistakes result into blunders in decisions. These inclinations and human blunder doesn't permit speculators to esteem the stocks appropriately and in that capacity, markets show wastefulness. These blunders regularly result into financial specialists purchasing the development stocks and overlooking worth stocks and the individuals who can reason effectively can benefit out of this circumstance and subsequently can beat the market without any problem. Studies led on the Indian Stock Exchange traces the powerless type of wastefulness and recommended that the costs really don't follow arbitrary costs. Different neighborhood concentrates in the creating nations have reliably indicated similar outcomes that the business sectors are powerless structure wasteful at any rate in the nearby creating markets. These investigations have unmistakably demonstrated that the business sectors may not be productive in any type of proficiency. These contentions have additionally been upheld by other exact investigations showing that even the solid type of effectiveness doesn't exist. Stocks having low P/E proportions will in general give better yields and in this way can permit speculators to win irregular returns whenever picked astutely. Financial specialists building up their investigations dependent on picking the stocks on P/E proportion can beat the market. It

Describe law and order in London in the late nineteeth essays

Depict lawfulness in London in the late nineteeth expositions The police illuminated violations by relighing vigorously on an immense system of data who meandered the dull boulevards of the east of London likewise they did entryway to entryway thumping and approaching occupants for answers, their was cautious ventures and enquiries which uncovered next to no on the grounds that their were no genuine whitnesses to the Ripper assaults. The police had an intense picture as they didn't convey weapons in the city, when the police was frightened they were anxious to depend on the military. The death penalty was intended to stop deflect crooks. (The danger of the death penalty or transportation). The quantity of wrongdoings deserving of death had diminished from the mid nineteenth century of around 223 violations to 50 before the century's over on the grounds that obviously these disciplines didn't work. The polices notoriety was not regarded in light of the fact that in examinations the police indicated power and made no nonsence approaches and were extreme for the most part just the raucous poor for example in 1887 a mass uproar of the jobless in Trafalger squarem, which sir Charles Warren smothers through military power. The police examinations on wrongdoings got from the legislative issues. Defilement had been revealed in the higher regions of the CID. The met police were viewed as an inexorably battle ready power as the press had upheld the powers and lawfulness in splitting down principally in the uncontrollable poor at that point started to help the common laborers. Societys issues was that there was an excessive amount of liquor abuse in the boulevards and alot of burglaries and alot of pick stashing, other society issues was that there was more than 1,200 prostetudes in the avenues and in doss houses so the crime percentages had been increasing. Wrongdoing is overflowing in light of the fact that there is so much unimployment and it is expanding so it implies that individuals need the cash and the main method of getting cash is to take from individuals and spots. Wrongdoing is likewise overflowing in light of the fact that the boulevards resembled labyrinths and dim additionally very crouded, their was grimy side lanes and a... <!

Domestic penetration Essays

Household infiltration Essays Household entrance Essay Household entrance Essay The monetary area will give pre-organized benefit and misfortune proclamations demonstrating the pertinent pay and cost headings with direction on suppositions that should be made to put explicit qualities. Furthermore, there will be related spreadsheets for income. There may likewise be an accounting report with headings for the benefits and liabilities (Martin, 2010). Another significant thing to lead is an achievability investigation which would be gainful for franchisors to effectively grow enough residential entrance. A target establishment attainability examination by a perceived master will feature the qualities and shortcomings of the hidden plan of action (Franchise Foundations, 2011). An establishment possibility study will investigate, review and organize the organization on an assortment of these and different elements. A target establishment plausibility investigation will likewise record what steps, defensive measures and reports need to go before the extension exertion (Franchise Foundations, 2011). A large number of these should be possible in-house by existing faculty with a little outside skill. This will bring about the most effective utilization of time and assets. It will likewise deliver the most expert and easy to understand results. Subsequent to being fruitful locally, growing the business globally is then reachable however there are significant focuses to recollect. Managing franchisees or by setting up an ace establishment and giving that association the rights to open outlets all alone are a few different ways how a franchisor may enter a remote nation. Sub-franchisees then compensation eminences to the ace franchisee then dispatch some to the franchisor. Ace establishment framework is relevant for organizations who have no certainty towards assessing franchisees and when it is costly to manage and straightforwardly control franchisees’ tasks (Daniels et al. , 2007). To guarantee accomplishment in global markets, franchisors must improve their comprehension of the differing social powers at work far and wide. Once in a while, an idea won't fit an outside social style by any means. For instance, a notable American bagel franchisor offered its privileges to improvement in Lima, Peru, without understanding that Peruvians didn't have breakfast (Bardley, 2005). Adjustment to nearby social standards will frequently be important. An American café franchisor permitted its Egyptian franchisees to create exceptional food items for the menu during the Muslim sacred month of Ramadan. In Saudi Arabia and Qatar, where nearby traditions requires the withdrawal of ladies in broad daylight puts, this franchisor needed to change their eateries to incorporate family zones that ladies could visit (Chan, 1994). Henceforth it is critical to know the elements of culture of an objective market. Issues and strife can happen in any business relationship, and diversifying is the same. Along these lines, major to the smooth running of an establishment business relationship is a plan of action that is gainful for both the franchisor and the franchisee. On the off chance that this is a single direction road, establishment issues will be unavoidable. There are still situations when a franchisor and a franchisee wind up observing each other in courts in spite of the way that they have just assembled enough trust and compatibility. Subsequently, after ordinary contest goals methodology that will from the outset endeavor goals casually, a formal composed notification at that point will be made which will for the most part incorporate the idea of the question, and wanted result to determine the debate, and a time span for this to happen. In Australia, under the Franchising Code of Conduct, genuine questions that can't be settled between the establishment parties themselves ought to be alluded to intercession (Asia-Pacific Center for Franchising Excellence, 2011). However, to additionally stay away from a thing like this to occur, Berman and Evans (2006) relate that working courses of action should consider singular conditions. In this manner, more franchisors will receive, or if nothing else explore different avenues regarding rebuilt establishment understandings. This rebuilding will influence both the terms of buying an establishment and the progressing franchisor-franchisee relationship. As what Bank of America’s Small Business Advisory Service stated, â€Å"The additional things that the franchisor consents to do can be probably the best part of a decent establishment relationship† (Kursh, 1969, p. 34). Determination As a quickly developing chance of growing a business locally and globally, business diversifying presents its own remarkable arrangement of issues that should be envisioned, tended to and ought to promptly be understood. Through escalated look into from different references, for example, books, magazines, diaries and the web, the scientists recognized the most well-known issues looked by both the franchisor and franchisee and these are: a business person may turn into a casualty of false establishments; challenges when setting up an establishment particularly when franchisors don't give fundamental help to the franchisees; franchisors’ not growing enough household infiltration initially is one issue why numerous establishments flop abroad; and pressures existing between an enormous number of franchisors and their establishments can prompt differences, clashes, and even case. Recognizing issues like these is consistently the initial step required to fruitful arrangement. Numerous franchisors flop here †they are either unfit to recognize the genuine reason for the issue or don’t address it in a fitting manner. With the end goal of this paper to introduce different ways on the most proficient method to take care of these issues particularly in an expert way, the analysts underscored the accompanying arrangements: obtaining every authoritative record and leading cautious examinations and review of existing establishment administrators and clients; keeping a solid, compelling project of administrative control in an establishment framework; setting up a strategy and possibility investigation to succeed locally and universally; having an improved comprehension of the various social powers at work the world over to guarantee accomplishment in worldwide markets; building affinity between the franchisor and the franchisee the second they meet without precedent for request to assemble trust; and in situations when clashes between a franchisor and franchisee can't be comprehended casually, a formal composed notification at that point will be made which will by and large incorporate the idea of the d ebate, and wanted result to determine the question, and a time span for this to happen. There are substantially more potential issues a franchisor and a franchisee could confront. As opposed to looking for readymade arrangements, franchisors ought to figure out how to keep issues from happening and how to handle the issue in the most ideal manner. The most grounded weapons in fighting issues are the capacity to distinguish issues from the get-go, to show the group to make a move when the issue emerge, help all franchisee unit to proceed as most ideal as. In this manner, being proactive instead of being receptive can extraordinarily support a business visionary; he needs to do the responding early by foreseeing what the future will be, and to respond likewise before it really occurs. Yet, in instances of startling issues that previously made a lot of issue a business, it is imperative to recollect not to bounce to any ends before arriving at the foundation of the issue.

The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho Essay Example for Free

The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho Essay The book The Alchemist was initially written in Portuguese by Paulo Coelho in 1987. Until this point, it sold 35 million duplicates and is reigned as the most interpreted book on the planet by a living writer. The Alchemist was the second book of the now 67-year old Coelho following his first novel endeavor entitled The Pilgrimage. It was Coelho’s second book that made him known around the world, however incredibly, it just took him a course of one fourteen day spray of imagination to finish the novel The Alchemist. The epic was around one Andalusian shepherd boy’s supernatural trek towards understanding his repetitive fantasy about discovering his fortune situated at the Egyptian Pyramids. In the end, as he go on through his excursion, he figures out how to communicate in the Language of the World and finding the embodiment of speculative chemistry. He meets various individuals along his way, beginning with the seer whom he requests to decipher his repetitive dream that night while resting almost a sycamore tree in the sacristy of a relinquished church. The woman says he should seek after discovering his fortune and when he finds it, he should give her a piece of it as installment for her administration. The second individual he meets is a puzzling elderly person who is by all accounts ready to guess what him might be thinking. This man presents himself as Melchizedek, or the King of Salem. He educates the kid concerning great and terrible signs and says that it is the shepherds obligation to seek after his Personal Legend. Melchizedek then gives him two stones, Urim and Thummim, for him to utilize when he needs assistance to decipher signs. The kid chooses to follow what the man has said to him and offers his group to buy a pass to Tangier, in northern Africa. Be that as it may, not long after he shows up there, a cheat takes the entirety of his cash, so he chooses to search for an approach to bring in enough cash to get back. He looks for some kind of employment in the shop of a precious stone dealer, where following a year he makes upgrades that is delighted by money related prizes. He at that point leaves to continue in the quest for his fortune. He joins a band making a trip to Egypt. There, he meets an Englishman who needs to become familiar with the mystery of speculative chemistry, or transforming any metal into gold, from a popular chemist who lives at a desert spring while in transit to the pyramids. While voyaging, the kid starts tuning in to the desert and finding the Soul of the World. The train arrives at the desert spring after someâ time, and there he begins to look all starry eyed to an Arab young lady named Fatima. The procession head reveals to them that inborn fighting keeps them from proceeding with their excursion so they are remaining at the desert garden somewhat more. At some point, the kid meanders from the desert garden into the desert and sees two birds of prey battling in the sky with a dream of a military entering the desert garden. Since assaulting a desert spring is an infringement of the principles of the desert, he imparts his vision to the oasiss innate chieftain. Before long a while later, he is faced by a dark garbed, hidden outsider with a blade, who sits on a white pony. It is the chemist. The inborn chieftain arms his men, and they are decidedly ready when the desert spring is in reality attacked. The chemist offers to cross the desert with the kid. Before long the two men go into a region of exceptional ancestral fighting. Warriors hold the two men hostage, however in the end permit them to proceed with their excursion after the kid figures out how to show to them that he can be unified with the breeze. The chemist advises the kid that he needs to come back to the desert garden, and that the remainder of the outing is his to make alone with the goal that he can guarantee his Personal Legend. The chemist gives him how the Elixir of Life and the Philosophers’ Stone are made and he gave him the quarter of the gold before leaving the kid all alone. The kid shows up at the Egyptian pyramids and starts to burrow. He discovers nothing covered in the ground. Hoodlums come and see him, they beat him and deny him of his gold. After he lets them know of his fantasy, however, one of the cheats relates his own fantasy about a lost fortune in the sacristy of a surrendered church. He at that point acknowledges where his fortune can be found. Coming back to Andalusia, he returns to the congregation where he longed for the fortune close to the pyramids. He burrows where he rested, underneath a sycamore tree, and there it is, his fortune. He intends to come back with it to Al-Fayoum, where he will rejoin with Fatima, who anticipates him. This story, for me, is extremely stand-out. It’s few out of every odd time that I get the opportunity to peruse books like this which is just a work of a really energetic and innovative psyche. As per The Alchemist, Personal Legends fill in as the main methods by which an individual can carry on with a fantastic life. Indeed, the universe can possibly accomplish flawlessness if every single regular thing ceaselessly experience a pattern of accomplishing their Personal Legend, advancing into a higher being with another Personal Legend, and afterward seeking after that new objective. Thisâ concept, that the individualistic quest for a Personal Legend exists as life’s dominantâ€perhaps onlyâ€spiritual request, lies at the focal point of the special religious philosophy of The Alchemist. I love the way the speculative chemistry was presented and investigated in the story. I think minimal about the study of transforming metals into gold †however I have been heari ng it †yet this book is simply so elegantly composed that after I got done with understanding it, I have a specific sentiment of understanding what it truly is and what it is truly implied for. The story likewise accentuates that it isn't the goal however the excursion that shapes us. In the book, the boy’s fate needed him to learn numerous things past being a basic shepherd, so he was sent to an excursion that he never figured he could ever involvement with quest for a fortune in his fantasy, just to discover at long last that it was simply situated in where his fantasy happened. Indeed, even with this, he didn't lament that he experienced that far in light of the fact that he realized that what he found en route was the most valuable fortune a man would ever have. Also, in The Alchemist, the otherworldly solidarity spoke to by the Soul of the World ties together the entirety of nature, from people to abandon sand. This thought underlies the equal we find in the novel between the chemist cleaning metal into gold and the shepherd kid sanitizing himself into somebody equipped for accomplishing his Personal Legend. As per the novel, the Soul of the World has made an ex treme want, or Personal Legend, for everything, regardless of whether a man or a bit of iron. To achieve its Personal Legend, every thing must figure out how to take advantage of the Soul of the World, which purges it. That ceaseless decontamination at last prompts flawlessness. This idea of people, metals, and every other thing having a similar objective shows that all components in nature are basically various types of a solitary soul. Reviewing from the book, there additionally is the referencing about the Language of the World, and that each heart knows and gets it in the event that we will simply figure out how to tune in to what it needs to state, similar to how the kid figured out how to impart to the nature through his heart. Another important thing in this novel is the nearness of signs all over the place and at some random time. It was said there that we simply need to figure out how to understand them, and that they are there to direct us towards accomplishing our predetermined Personal Legends. However, much the same as what is inferred in the story, dread keeps individuals from understanding their predeterminations, so we will in general overlook the signs, and their call to be perceived are in the long run becomingâ more and increasingly quiet. I likewise saw the contribution of religions (Islam and Catholic). I have consistently contemplated strict convictions and practices is as convoluted as talking about the speculations of starting point of the universe. In any case, for this situation, I am eased that none of the parts is being supported nor left behind. Not that there is an opposition of which is correct and which isn't right, however on the off chance that I would be asked, I’d rather not to reply. Ultimately, and most likely what truly took a decent piece of me is the remote expression maktub that was referenced how frequently in the book. It implies â€Å"it is written†, which relates to the predetermination we every ha that’s composed by a Superior Hand for us to satisfy. I generally believed that everything that happens fills a need, maktub.

Steve Cohen Comments on Earth Day COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Steve Cohen Comments on Earth Day COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Steve Cohen, a SIPA administrator and faculty member, was part of a story on Earth Day that was published in USA Today in April. When Earth Day started, it was like a national day of protest. There was a counterculture dimension to it . . . its no longer an issue of liberal versus conservative.   Its a mainstream issue. Professor Cohen also discusses the Energy and Environment Concentration, the types of students attracted to this concentration,   details of related courses, and internships in a video that can be accessed by clicking here (Windows Media Player Video, time: 4:26).

Research Paper on Video Games

Research Paper on Video Games The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of the growing video games popularity on the teenagers. A lot of discussions are going on around these questions and there is a great variety of opinions on positive and negative effects of computer video games on the behaviour, education and life style of teenage population of the United States of America. In this study we would like, however, to look at the practical implication of the video games and their effect on the development of teenagers’ creativity and innovation. The reason for the selection of the sample population is the availability and scale of video games usage (teenagers are the main games’ â€Å"consumers†). Numerous researches were dedicated to the analysis of the behavioural patterns of children, who often play video games. It was identified that children that play video games at least three or four times a week are more likely to develop creativity. Another research has shown that video game lovers among teenagers have significant difficulties in communication with people of their age in real life situations. The same teenagers, however, have wider perception of the world and are usually more emotional in response to the external factors. For the purpose of this research successful completion, we have included practical experiment that would support or argue against our hypothesis and to answer the primary research question: â€Å"Innovation and video games: is there a direct interrelation between these two elements of our life?† As a result of the theoretical analysis and literature review, the research group have

Amargasaurus Profile

Name: Amargasaurus (Greek for La Amarga lizard:); pronounced ah-MAR-gah-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of South America Historical Period: Early Cretaceous (130 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 30 feet long and three tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Relatively small size; prominent spines lining neck and back About Amargasaurus Most of the sauropods of the Mesozoic Era looked pretty much like most every other sauropod—long necks, squat trunks, long tails and elephant-like legs—but Amargasaurus was the exception that proved the rule. This relatively slim plant-eater (only about 30 feet long from head to tail and two to three tons) had a row of sharp spines lining its neck and back, the only sauropod known to have possessed such an imposing feature. (True, the later titanosaurs of the Cretaceous period, direct descendants of the sauropods, were covered with scutes and spiny knobs, but these were nowhere near as ornate as those on Amargasaurus.) Why did the South American Amargasaurus evolve such prominent spines? As with similarly equipped dinosaurs (like the sailed Spinosaurus and Ouranosaurus), there are various possibilities: the spines may have helped to deter predators, they may have had some kind of role in temperature regulation (that is, if they were covered by a thin flap of skin capable of dissipating heat), or, most likely, they may simply have been a sexually selected characteristic (Amargasaurus males with more prominent spines being more attractive to females during mating season). As distinctive as it was, Amargasaurus appears to have been closely related to two other unusual sauropods: Dicraeosaurus, which was also equipped with (much shorter) spines emanating from its neck and upper back, and Brachytrachelopan, which was distinguished by its unusually short neck, probably an evolutionary adaptation to the types of food available in its South American habitat. There are other examples of sauropods adapting fairly quickly to the resources of their ecosystems. Consider Europasaurus, a pint-sized plant eater that barely weighed a single ton since it was restricted to an island habitat. Unfortunately, our knowledge of Amargasaurus is limited by the fact that only one fossil specimen of this dinosaur is known, discovered in Argentina in 1984 but only described in 1991 by the prominent South American paleontologist Jose F. Bonaparte. (Unusually, this specimen includes part of Amargasaurus skull, a rarity since the skulls of sauropods are easily detached from the rest of their skeletons after death). Oddly enough, the same expedition responsible for the discovery of Amargasaurus also unearthed the type specimen of Carnotaurus, a short-armed, meat-eating dinosaur that lived about 50 million years later!

Basic 5 Paragraph Outline - 1090 Words

Basic 5 Paragraph Outline Introduction Hook: (grabs readers’ attention; several sentences long) There are many types of spirits some want to harm and some just need help or want to talk. This will help define and determine which spirit the person is encountering. Thesis Statement: (states topic point) Anyone wanting to find out what spirit is haunting them or are having a paranormal experience of sorts will need to know what kind of spirit they are dealing with and how to possibly rid themselves of the spirit. Forecasting Statement: (may be connected to or separate from thesis) There are many way ghost or spirits can act or present then selves to people. They can appear in the form of an orb, demonic form, or even a full apparition or human size being. They can also haunt in many different ways that differ from violent to non-violent hauntings. This simple paper can help identify what might be haunting someone and how to deal with the spirit. Body 1st Body Paragraph: First of all, it is important to know what a ghost is. Ghosts are energy of sorts made of people that once lived. They have no idea that they have died and have not crossed over as of yet. There are lots of ways ghosts can make themselves known to us and how they can make people’s lives rough or even make people crazy. Who or what the spirit did or acted in life can determine how dangerous or gentle the spirit will become. Now that people can determine what a ghost is here are some different types ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on All That Jazz1115 Words   |  5 PagesTEMPLATE for the basic recipe (formula) for the successful organization and development of an argumentative essay as well as the framework for a formal outline that you can and should use for each of your essays. Print out the final pages and fill in the info by hand so that you can see how your body paragraphs are organized. Note though, that your essay might have more than four body paragraphs. 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The Image of Medieval Western Europe Essay - 769 Words

The image of medieval western Europe can be attributed to political, religious, economic, and cultural factors. The impulse of expansion, unity under Christianity, trade, and education were key developments within the factors. Ultimetly, these developments contributed to the advancement of medieval western Europe in the postclassical period. The medieval government in western Europe exercised feudalism which also established the structure of political powers. Kings held the most authority while lords and knights were above peasants. These relationships were able to continue since government was local rather than centralized. Though the government remained local in a majority of kingdoms, leaders wanted to expand their land. Wars became†¦show more content†¦The Christian religion was incorporated into political matters. However, it was considered a separate entity with power of its own. The economy of Western Europe relied on differences between social classes for local agriculture and international trade. Manorialism did institute a social system, but more importantly, it defined the economic roles of a regional kingdom. Peasants cultivated land and paid rent while knights and lords provided military service plus paid homage to the king. Though this system supported life in the early Middle Ages, new agricultural improvements loosened ties between landlords and peasants. Despite the change in peasant obligations to a landlord, agriculture remained vital in markets since its production increased beyond local needs. The growth of urban areas led to specialized manufacturing and other commercial activities such as trade. Also, another aspect of medieval European economic activity was the guild. This gave people the opportunity to specialize in other jobs or crafts that influenced trade productivity. As a result of trade, the use of money across long distance routes introduced banks into western Europe. A large portion of medieval Europe’s economic stability relied upon agriculture and local and international trade. The culture of Medieval Western Europe focused on education and logical reasoning with faith. Education inspired the construction ofShow MoreRelatedEmotion And Devotion : The Meaning Of Mary Medieval Religious Cultures Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pagesthe major arguments that Miri Rubin presents in her book Emotion and Devotion: The Meaning of Mary in Medieval Religious Cultures. Rubin’s book is divided into three chapters which are: The Global â€Å"Middle Ages;† Mary, and Others; and Emotions and Selves. In each of these chapters, Rubin explores a particular topic that she thinks is important when trying to understand the figure of Mary in medieval religious cultures. 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His activities had a spectacular effect on education and culture in Francia, a debatable effect on artistic endeavors, and an immeasurable effect on what mattered most to theRead MoreEssay on Michelangelo and Renaissance Religion1148 Words   |  5 PagesMichelangelo and Renaissance Religion Michelangelo Buonarroti lived in a time when the medieval aspects of Christianity were overwhelmed by the upheaval of the Reformation. His art portrays this change in religious philosophy by discerning the major trends and objectives of the Renaissance. His works show us...the changing world around him (Richmond 4). In addition, Michelangelo seriously impacted generations of artists to come. The Renaissance was a rebirth that led to new waysRead MoreThe Periodization of the History of Western Europe1669 Words   |  7 PagesHistorians generally define the periodization of the history of Western Europe during the Middle Ages into three eras: the Early Middle Ages (5th-11th Centuries AD); the High Middle Ages (1000-1300 AD); and the Late Middle Ages (1300-1500). Construction of the great Gothic cathedrals began during the High Middle Ages, which was an era that experienced a dramatic re-emergence of urban life and an increasing sophistication in secular culture (Singman xi). Major events in the High Middle Ages include

Economic Viewpoint of the Circular Flow Model - 939 Words

Economic Viewpoint The circular flow model begins with consumer spending (Circular Flow of Economic Activity, 1999). Consumer spending drives the amount of business investments, which, in turn, creates more jobs that allow consumers more money to spend. When employment drops, jobs decrease, leaving consumers with less money to spend, which slows the economy. As employment rises, jobs are created that allow consumers more money to spend that speeds up the economy. When the government reduces spending, less money is put into public programs that in turn create jobs in the economy. As a result of fewer jobs, less goods and services are given to the economy. This provides less consumer spending and will slow the economy down to the extent the government reduces the funds to the programs. When households increase savings consumers are spending less on goods and services. This will slow down the amounts businesses invest in the creation of jobs, which, in turn, slow down the amount of mone y consumers have to spend. When this happens the economy will also slow down. The United States has a mixed economy because privately owned business and the government play a role (State, 2013). The US has a free enterprise system that emphasizes private ownership and private business produces most of the goods and services. The supply and demand determines the prices of goods and services. The prices, then, tells business what to produce. The government is primarily responsible forShow MoreRelatedOpen Closed Systems1178 Words   |  5 Pageswill also be explaining the inner and outer flows for both the closed and the open systems. I will then define and explain the leakages in an open system and define and explain the injections in an open system. Lastly, I will provide a personal example of a leakage and describe and explain it. 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Where Do These Measurements Come from Free Essays

Today almost all women try to lose a few kilograms. But to tell the truth, every woman in the world wants to look like a top model. If they could only dream about a fantastic figure, it was ok. We will write a custom essay sample on Where Do These Measurements Come from? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unfortunately some of them try to achieve this, and sometimes it becomes a big problem. Usually, top models have parameters 90-60-90. There are several versions of the beginning of these, but the real reason is laziness. These numbers were chosen by designers because this is easier to make clothes only for one little size. It happened in the middle of XX century, when mannequins began to demonstrate the clothes. So thinness became fashionable. A woman spends on diets about 10 years of her life. But according to statistics, only 10% of men prefer thin women. Losing weight the woman notices that she likes herself, her man like her, and not only he. But psychologists say that men like women’s confidence and not lost weight. Sometimes a woman wants to lose weight to be better than her friends. Firstly a diet unites women, but if one of them is more successful, other start to envy her. Also the woman wants to be like actresses or young singers. In addition to this, it is a fact that woman has hard time losing weight. For example, due to unbalanced diet a woman suffers from depressions. A lack of glucose disturbs the thought processes. Moreover long diets reduce the level of estrogen-the hormone of attractiveness. Often, losing weight women cannot stop. According to Wikipedia (2012) â€Å"The thinner one gets, the fatter they think they are. †(para. 2). Later, it becomes a terrible disease â€Å"Anorexia nervosa†. â€Å"Anorexia nervosa† often occurs with young girls. They have this illness because of their paranoia. They want to have it themselves and cannot stop. Macrae (2007) claims that â€Å"Dr. Mann’s research showed that up to two-thirds of dieters put on all the weight they lose-and moreover a four to five-year period. †(para. 12). Unfortunately, the most of girls already do not have so much time. They die, and nothing can save their lives. In conclusion, I want to add that every second woman returns to her previous weight, and every third woman even gets more. Therefore, it is better for girls not to torment themselves with diets trying to suit the generally accepted standards. How to cite Where Do These Measurements Come from?, Essay examples

Corporation Law Second Strike

Question: Discuss about theCorporation Law for Second Strike. Answer: Introduction The directors of the company have total powers to control the overall functioning of the company. However their powers have been limited by provisions of both statutory and common law in Australia[1]. This purpose of this paper is to analyze the powers and limitations of directors in relation to bonus shares and dividends. As the shareholders have been given a say by law towards the management of the company the directors try to please them with dividends and benefits which might not be beneficial for the company in order to attain personal interest. The remuneration of the directors can only be allowed if the report is approved by the shareholders. In the provided scenario it has been seen that the directors of Waldmart Ltd have taken the initiative to issue dividends and bonus shares to the shareholders after the first remuneration report has been rejected by them. The purpose of this paper is discuss the validity of such issues by the directors and on what grounds such issue can b e challenged by the shareholders. The paper also discusses the consequences which the board of Waldmart has to face in case the subsequent remuneration report is rejected causing a Second strike. This Section of the paper would analyze the validity of the issued bonus shares by directors and the grounds on which the issue can be challenged. Rules Share capital is usually paid, however the directors have the right to issue shares free of cost to the existing shareholders of the company if they think it is appropriate to do so. The shares which do not alter the capital of the company and against which no consideration is received are known as bonus shares. The provisions related to the issue of bonus shares by the directors are governed by both common law and statutory provisions. Section 124 of the CA provides exclusive powers to the directors of the company to issue shares. The power to issue bonus shares to the shareholders has been provided to the directors through Section 254A(1)(a) of the CA as per Section 124. Note 3 of the Section further provides that the directors do not need to show that the share capital of the company has increased in order to be able to issue bonus shares[2]. Bonus shares can only be issued out of profits and not for any other reason by the directors. The directors may be challenged legally if they issue bonus shares for reasons other than profits. When issuing bonus shares the directors need to assure that they do not indulge in any kind of insolvent trading. Directors can also be liable under directors duties if they fail to prioritize the companys interest over their personal interest[3]. The shareholders of the company have the right to legally challenge the decisions of the directors if they believe that the directors are not working in favor of the company. They have the right to exercise their powers by passing resolutions during general meetings[4]. The resolution must be validated by the shareholders by ensuring the presence of specified number of members. A resolution can be passed with more than 50% of the total votes and a special resolution can be passed with 75% of the total votes[5]. Application The directors of Waldmart have declared to issues bonus shares just after their initial remuneration report have been rejected by the shareholders. According to the shareholders the financial condition of the company may be affected if the bonus shares are issued by the directors. The shareholders believe that the issue of bonus shares is one of the most unnecessary steps during financially unstable times. In this case the directors of the company do not have the right to issue bonus shares in order to fulfill their own interest. Further the only motive behind the issue of the bonus shares in this case is to make the shareholders approve the subsequent remuneration report by the directors. Thus the shareholders not only have the right to go up against the judgment of the directors during the AGM but also they have the authority to bring proceedings against the directors for taking such an unwise decision. This Section of the paper would analyze the validity of the increased Dividends by directors of Waldmart and the grounds on which the increase in dividends can be challenged. Rules The directors of the company have ultimate power to decide the issue of dividends. It has been provided by Section 254U of the CA that dividends can be issued at the discretion of directors. The court ruled in the case of Burland v Earle [1902] AC 83 the court will not interfere with the powers of the directors in relation to the issue of dividends until there is fraud by them[6]. The court held in the case of Miles v Sydney Meat Preserving Company [1912] 12 NSWLR 98 that directors of the company are not allowed to increase or issue debentures against the interest of the company[7]. In the case of Sandford V Sandford Courier Service P/L [1989] 5 ACLR it was provided by the court that only when the company has been able to show excess profits can the directors of the company increase or issues dividends[8]. Section 254 T of the CA further provides that the directors will only be allowed to declare or increase dividends when they can show that the total assets of the company are more t hat its total liabilities[9]. The directors also need to prove that the dividends are reasonable and fair in relation to the shareholders of the company overall. One of the most important provisions provided by this Section is that the company does not suffer any damage to its position of paying its liability due to the issue or increase in dividends. Section 254s further provides that in case the divides make the company insolvent the directors of the company would be liable under Section 588G for insolvent trading. In the case of Re Spanish Prospecting Co Ltd [1911] 1 Ch 92 the court provided that dividends are entitled to be issued if the company makes profits[10]. Section 256 of the CA makes the directors liable if the dividends are paid for reasons other than profits. Application The directors of Waldmart have declared to increase dividends just after their initial remuneration report have been rejected by the shareholders. As discussed above the directors of Waldmart have discretionary powers to increase and issue dividends. However according to the cases and provisions discussed above they would only be able to increase of issue dividends in case Waldmart has earned excess profit. In this case there is no sign that the company has made excess profits. Further the only motive behind the increase in dividends in this case is to make the shareholders approve the subsequent remuneration report by the directors. The financial conditions of the market are not stable and the issue of dividends can also make the company insolvent. As ruled in the case of Re Spanish Prospecting Co Ltd the directors can directly be held liable for the issue of debentures without being able to show profits if the company faces looses because of such issues. The directors of Waldmart c an also be held liable under the provisions of Section 1324 and 256D for increasing the dividends of the company without showing excess profit. This Section of the paper analyses the position in which the directors of Waldmart Ltd would be in if the shareholders of the company decide not to vote in favour of the second remuneration report and cause a second strike. Rules The issue related to the remuneration of senior executives and directors of the company have been in under the decade for a few years. There have been significant changes related to the remuneration report of the directors after the inquiry of the productive commission into the matter[11]. The corporation act had been amended following the inquiry and the two strike rule was incorporated into it. Previously the vote of the shareholders in relation to the report was not binding but after the amendment the scenario has been changed considerably. According to the rules the directors and senior executives whose remuneration is to be discussed are not included in the voting process. In case the remuneration report does not receive 25% of the total votes casted at the AGM than it is the duty of the board of directors to address the comments of the shareholders in the next AGM[12]. However in case the remuneration report is not approved by at least 25% of the total votes at the next AGM and 50% of the total members cast their vote to support a spill resolution than the entire board of the company would have to undertake the process of re election. The shareholders are required to organize a meeting for the re election within 90 days from the date when the spill resolution had been approved[13]. In the meeting a re-election process would be initiated which the board of directors have to undergo. In case the directors of the company are removed from their positions as a result of the election it is to be ensured that the minimum legal directors required to manage a company remain as directors. The managing director is excluded from the process of election and the remaining two directors position is filled with those directors who receive the maximum number of votes during the election. In case two directors of the company get same number of votes than the remaining director or directors have the authority to decide which director would be chosen for the board. The directors can be chosen to fill the minimum number if if they do not receive more than 50% of the votes[14]. Application In the provided scenario the remuneration report which was published by the directors of Waldmart last year has been rejected by the shareholders. The report had failed to achieve minimum number of votes at the last AGM. The directors of the not altered the report according to the comments of the shareholders and moreover proposed to issue bonus shares and increase dividends in order to lure the shareholders to approve the initial remuneration report. In case the shareholders do not approve the second remuneration report and 50% of them vote in favour of a spill than as discussed above a spill resolution will be passed. In this spill resolution all directors of Waldmart have to go through a re-election process according to the wants of the shareholder. The spill meeting would have to be scheduled within ninety days from when the spill resolution had been passed. However all directors cannot be removed from their positions by the shareholders as a minimum of seven directors which are required for a public limited company have to be on board. As discussed above the directors who receive the maximum votes would be eligible for the position. Conclusion Concluding the paper based on the above analysis it can be held that the powers to issue bonus shares and increase dividends with respect to the directors of a company are not unrestricted. Although they can authorise the issue on their own discretion they have to follow the provisions of corporation act and common law to make their decisions. Dividends and bonus shares can only be issued out of profit and it has to be assured that such issue does not hamper the financial position of the company. The directors must also assure that the companys capacity of paying the creditors back is not hampered and the company does not become insolvent. Thus in this case they cannot issue bonus shares and increase dividends to fulfil their own interest. In case the directors call a second strike than all the directors of the company or the directors specified by the shareholders would go through a process of election. This step has been taken by the parliament in order to ensure the accountability of the companys directors towards its management. References Burland v Earle [1902] AC 83 Cassidy J., Corporations Law Text and Essential Cases. Federation Press, 4th edition Sydney 2013 Ciro T, Symes C, Corporations Law in Principle LBC Thomson Reuters, Sydney, 9th edition 2013 Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) Davenport, S and Parker D, Business and Law in Australia, Thomson Reuters, 2012 Fisher S, Anderson C, Dickfos, Corporations Law - Butterworths Tutorial Series, 4th Edition Butterworths, Sydney 2014 Fitzpatrick, Symes, Veljanovski, Parker, Business and Corporations Law; LexisNexis 3rd edition 2017 Graw, Parker, Whitford, Sangkuhl and Do, Understanding Business Law 7th ed LexisNexis Butterworths, 2015. Hanrahan, P., Ramsay I., Stapledon G., Commercial Applications of Company Law. Oxford 18th edition 2017 Miles v Sydney Meat Preserving Company [1912] 12 NSWLR 98 Parker, Clarke, Veljanovski, Posthouwer, Corporate Law, Palgrave 1st edition 2012 Re Spanish Prospecting Co Ltd [1911] 1 Ch Sandford V Sandford Courier Service P/L [1989] 5 ACLR

Music Piracy Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Music Piracy Argumentative Essay While I was searching online for articles about downloading, I discovered the website for the Recording Industry Association of America, or ARIA. This organization deals with the laws against music piracy. Music piracy can be defined as the stealing of music (Examples). The two main ethical arguments advanced by the ARIA are that downloading is theft and that it harms the music industry and its employees (ARIA). The ARIA has filed many lawsuits against people who have ignored these laws (Austin). The argument that downloading is theft comes from the position that music is intellectual property (ARIA). The Arias advertisements show a clear parallel between downloading a song and shoplifting a CD. The implication is that intellectual property is no different than physical property; and therefore, the wrongness of physical theft applies directly to downloading music (Boon). I feel that there is a distinction between the two properties. People can use intellectual property simultaneously without interfering with other peoples rights. If I were to download a CD I wouldnt be robbing the opportunity for someone else to buy the CD. On the contrary, if I were to shoplift a CD it would take away the possibility of someone else purchasing that CD. The organizations laws made me question how I felt about downloading as a whole. On one hand, I believe that downloading music is not like stealing at all. I consider theft as physically taking an object from someone else. Downloading music doesnt take away something that can be potentially sold by the owner, so to me, it cant technically be considered as theft. On the other hand, I agree that downloading music is becoming a problem for many industries and the artists as individuals. After researching the laws of the ARIA, I began to wonder how serious downloading is or the music industry. I decided to search for articles that specifically addressed these issues. I came across several articles that addressed the huge impact of intellectual property theft. The article I found most meaningful is from the Music United Organization. The article states that music piracy causes $12. 5 billion in economic losses every year. Along with this, the article states that approximately 71,060 U. S. Jobs are lost every year due to music downloads (Piracy). This fact illustrates that not only does piracy affect musicians, but many other people as well. Record companies and music store clerks are some of the other people it hurts. I agree that downloading music affects more than Just the artist. This article gave me a better understanding on how serious downloading music really is. While I was Music Piracy By Haley my attention. The article explains the benefits that come from free downloading. This particular article discusses how the band, Radioed, allowed their entire CD, Kid A to be downloaded for free. The band used the downloading for publicity rather than using interviews, music videos, or radio plays. The CD was available for ere three months before the release date. Despite the heavy downloading, the CD sold 210,000 copies in the first week and it debuted at number one on the Billboard charts (Examples). This suggests that downloading generated enough publicity to help the album become extremely successful. I feel that allowing music to be downloaded is a great form of publicity. It allows the music to be viewed before the actual buying of the CD. I prefer not purchasing a CD until Im positive I will like it. Along with this, I feel that people are more likely to go to concerts if music is being heard in advance by free downloads. I have gone to many concerts where I dont own the CD of the artist that was performing. At this point of my research, I began to see more clearly why the issue of downloading music is problematic. The success of Radioed with the free downloads was the exact opposite of what the ARIA laws said should happen. The free downloads did not hurt the musicians; it actually allowed listeners to become more aware of a particular CD and the result was an increase in sales. Thus, the argument held by the ARIA that downloading music is unethical because it harms the music industry is distorted and invalid.

How to Get a Random Essay Sample

How to Get a Random Essay SampleThe purpose of doing a random essay sample is to get started on the process of writing an essay. It also allows you to get a feel for how your essays will flow and you can easily adjust what you have written until you are ready to start work on the actual writing. There are two different kinds of essays that are available in the college: the analytical essay and the persuasive essay. As long as you know what your strengths and weaknesses are, and what your strengths and weaknesses are as a writer, you should be able to write one.An essay sample is something that will enable you to create a rough draft. It will give you a basis for your writing, and will let you know what you will need to work on as you start work on the actual essay. You can find these samples online, and some are free, and others are in charge. When you go to your local college or university bookstore, you may be able to find one there.When you are doing your essay, make sure that you will use the passages that you have read from the sample. The key is to read the entire sentence or paragraph over again, and then re-read it again, and when you do this several times, you will have a better idea of what you are going to be writing. Using a sample like this will give you an idea of what you are looking for in an essay.The essay sample is only a small part of what goes into an essay. There are parts that go into it, such as choosing a topic, creating the outline, writing the body of the essay, and writing the conclusion. A sample like this is helpful, but not a substitute for good quality writing. Using this as a guide is useful, but if you do not take the time to learn how to write and not just a guide, then this is of no use.When you are going through the sample, start writing a few chapters, and see how you feel about each one. Do they fit the purpose of the essay? Are there things that could be improved?Use your style guide to trim out the wordy parts that need full sentences. You might decide that you don't need to use them at all, or that you are going to combine them with other words and phrases. The trick is to make sure that you are writing the essay from the point of view of the reader.It is important to get a random essay sample so that you can get started on writing your essay, and you can adjust your essay as you go. Remember that you have read the sample, and have used it as a starting point for your writing.

Jem Finch free essay sample

They are the ones who the parents rely on to help around the house. Jem Finch is a little bit different than the typical older brother to a little girl, but then again his little sister isn’t that ordinary either. Jem Finch displays many character traits. In the first few chapters he displays a little kid who gets in trouble along side of his friends and younger sister, but further into the novel Jem demonstrates more responsible behaviors by accepting his wrongs and the consequences. He also shows how he will stand up for Scout and take care of her, even though he doesn’t like to be seen with her while they are at school, and he is hard on her when she wants to come and play with him and his friends. Throughout the story, Jem has mostly been independent and just wanting to be a young boy, and he gets himself and Scout into trouble through his ideas of how to have a fun time. We will write a custom essay sample on Jem Finch or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although there has been times where he acts childish, doesn’t know right from wrong, and at times puts his sister into situations where she can either get into a lot of trouble or hurt- he has displays of very grown up choices and protection over his sister. At the beginning of chapter three, when Scout was beating up Walter Cunningham in the schoolyard, Jem was the first one to step in and calm her down. He helped her think about how she was the bigger person and how â€Å"rubbing his nose in the dirt† wouldn’t change anything. Jem did a good job of protecting Scout by inviting Walter over to their house for dinner so then he wouldn’t be mad at Scout anymore. It is also a very respectable thing to do because he also knows that the Cunninghams don’t have very much. Jem is also childish and playful. He is eleven years of age, but sometimes acts younger. For example, in Chapter 1 he stole snow from Miss Maudie’s yard to make a snowman. Also, he would always play with Scout and join in on her games. also, Atticus would play keep away with him with a football, but Jem would try to tackle him instead. In Chapter 7, jem and his younger sister Scout received air rifles for Christmas, which they played with together. He is typically the one that takes blame for Scout’s actions. In Chapter 11 Mrs. Dubose, a neighbor, was talking with the Finch kids and she kept making jokes about their father. After she continued on aggravating them more, Jem decided to take matters into his own hands and destroyed her prized flowers. Consequently, Atticus choose to send him to her house to take care of her by reading her books. After a month of reading to her after school, Atticus let the two kids in on the secret that Mrs. Dubose was incredibly sick- and by them reading to her, it was keeping her mind off of it. In addition to Jem’s childish, protective, and playful nature- he is also scheming and possesses a clever mind. He demonstrates this with his knack for avoiding conflict, finding loopholes in regards to the rules Atticus has set for him and Scout, and luring out Boo Radley. This mischievousness sometimes causes Jem to be a troublemaker. Despite his cunning nature- as the novel progresses, Jem changes and develops into a more mature and responsible character as he gains better understanding, morals and intentions. This is most apparent in his behavior with Scout- when Atticus is at work all day, Jem acts as Scouts father figure. He makes sure that she eats, that she is dressed, and that she doesn’t get hurt. He looks out for her and tries to teach her right from wrong. For instance, when he broke up the fight between Scout and Walter Cunningham and invited him over for dinner, because Jem knew it would relieve some of the animosity between them, and that Walter would appreciate the free meal coming from a poor family. These character traits of being protective of Scout, childish and playful, and a troublemaker but also responsible, indicate the benefits and pitfalls of having someone like Jem Finch as a brother and character. As an eleven year old boy, Jem tries to act mature, but he also likes to have a little fun. Throughout the story, he learned a variety of lessons that would help him later in life. He is a role model for his little sister Scout and helps her stay out of trouble. Scout is very curious and wants to act like a big kid and hang out with her big brother and his friends. As much as Jem tries to stay out of trouble, he sometimes fails at it.

Free Essays on James A Garfield

James A. Garfield Twentieth President 1881 Interesting Fact: James Garfield was the second president shot in office. Doctors tried to find the bullet with a metal detector invented by Alexander Graham Bell. But the device failed because Garfield was placed on a bed with metal springs, and no one thought to move him. He died on September 19, 1881. Fast Fact: James A. Garfield died from an assassin's bullet only six months after he took office. Biography: As the last of the log cabin Presidents, James A. Garfield attacked political corruption and won back for the Presidency a measure of prestige it had lost during the Reconstruction period. He was born in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, in 1831. Fatherless at two, he later drove canal boat teams, somehow earning enough money for an education. He was graduated from Williams College in Massachusetts in 1856, and he returned to the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (later Hiram College) in Ohio as a classics professor. Within a year he was made its president. Garfield was elected to the Ohio Senate in 1859 as a Republican. During the secession crisis, he advocated coercing the seceding states back into the Union. In 1862, when Union military victories had been few, he successfully led a brigade at Middle Creek, Kentucky, against Confederate troops. At 31, Garfield became a brigadier general, two years later a major general of volunteers. Meanwhile, in 1862, Ohioans elected him to Congress. President Lincoln persuaded him to resign his commission: It was easier to find major generals than to obtain effective Republicans for Congress. Garfield repeatedly won re-election for 18 years, and became the leading Republican in the House. At the 1880 Republican Convention, Garfield failed to win the Presidential nomination for his friend John Sherman. Finally, on the 36th ballot, Garfield himself became the "dark horse" nominee. By a margin of only 10,000 popular votes, Garfield defeated... Free Essays on James A Garfield Free Essays on James A Garfield James A. Garfield Twentieth President 1881 Interesting Fact: James Garfield was the second president shot in office. Doctors tried to find the bullet with a metal detector invented by Alexander Graham Bell. But the device failed because Garfield was placed on a bed with metal springs, and no one thought to move him. He died on September 19, 1881. Fast Fact: James A. Garfield died from an assassin's bullet only six months after he took office. Biography: As the last of the log cabin Presidents, James A. Garfield attacked political corruption and won back for the Presidency a measure of prestige it had lost during the Reconstruction period. He was born in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, in 1831. Fatherless at two, he later drove canal boat teams, somehow earning enough money for an education. He was graduated from Williams College in Massachusetts in 1856, and he returned to the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (later Hiram College) in Ohio as a classics professor. Within a year he was made its president. Garfield was elected to the Ohio Senate in 1859 as a Republican. During the secession crisis, he advocated coercing the seceding states back into the Union. In 1862, when Union military victories had been few, he successfully led a brigade at Middle Creek, Kentucky, against Confederate troops. At 31, Garfield became a brigadier general, two years later a major general of volunteers. Meanwhile, in 1862, Ohioans elected him to Congress. President Lincoln persuaded him to resign his commission: It was easier to find major generals than to obtain effective Republicans for Congress. Garfield repeatedly won re-election for 18 years, and became the leading Republican in the House. At the 1880 Republican Convention, Garfield failed to win the Presidential nomination for his friend John Sherman. Finally, on the 36th ballot, Garfield himself became the "dark horse" nominee. By a margin of only 10,000 popular votes, Garfield defeated...

Analogy, Marginality and Action. Peter Singers Famine, Affluence, and Essay

Analogy, Marginality and Action. Peter Singers Famine, Affluence, and Morality Analysis - Essay Example In the fifth paragraph, Singer emphasized that helping starving people is a moral obligation by people, but granted that it does not sacrifice anything that is â€Å"comparably† important. For instance, if by donating a hundred dollars in a foundation that feeds starving children and families in Africa would cost the life of your child who also needs the money for her operation, then one will be spared of guilt by keeping the money for his child’s operation instead. In other words, if a person acknowledges he or she can feed a single family in Africa by donating his money allotted for a fancy smart phone, then his action is morally justifiable and is fulfillment of duty. Another important assumption in Singer’s essay follows that proximity and distance are also factors in extending our moral duties to our fellow humans despite the fact that other people around us are not feeling obliged to do so. He emphasized that numbers cannot be used as a plausible excuse for not helping other people who are badly in need because we acknowledge that by donating without considering other people’s interest can actually save a single life or two. Singer’s central premise in his essay is summed up as extending our help to people in dire need, despite our proximity and distance, without sacrificing something that is equally significant. His point was that our morality may somehow explain that it is our moral obligation as human beings living in the same earth to extend our help by not being selfish and materialistic, and not only a show of charitable work because as what he said, people who give to charities are praised, while those who do not are not condemned. In other words, helping starving children, for instance, can well be shown as voluntary and not obligatory. People who choose to buy clothes rather than donating to the children of Africa cannot justify their action because they act in that manner so as to look pleasant and not to prote ct themselves. The Analogy The last sentence of the fifth paragraph tells us an analogy about a drowning child in a pond and a person happens to witness the child drowning. Singer’s analogy fits perfectly with his main assumption that we ought to help other people in need, despite the inability of other people to see her situation, and without sacrificing something that is comparably significant. Simply saying, in that situation, our clothes do not bear more significance compared to a life that is at risk. In other words, we prevent what is bad (the possible death of the child in the pond) and promote what is good (saving the life of the child). ‘Level of Marginality’ In giving away something to the needy, Singer puts a specific, yet abstract limit as to the amount we are obliged to. He used the phrase â€Å"until we reach the level of marginality.† It is like a common version found in the Christian bible that a way to heaven is by abandoning all of oneâ⠂¬â„¢s properties and wealth and giving them after to the poor. Singer requires â€Å"reducing ourselves to the level of marginal utility† (par. 27). In the moderate version of his premise, he does not imply that people ought to live in a level of marginal utility such that their families are likely to suffer in the end, as well. What he

Ecology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ecology - Research Paper Example The transitions did not follow a successive order but were rather random for each squirrel. In addition, it became evident that a relationship exists between the behavioral transitions. From the analysis, the behavioral changes appeared to be the results of chance and were very random. The highest transition frequency was between the food searching behavior and food handling. The lowest frequency occurs in vigilance behavior and food searching. The animals must strive to strike a balance between safety precautions and food searches. For the balance to occur, squirrels have to set the priorities right. It is critical for them to determine when the urgency for security must surpass the urgency for food. Introduction The Eastern Gray squirrel’s main habitat is the eastern North America and parts of Canada (Makowska and Kramer 2006). This species relies on seeds, nuts, acorns, beechnuts, butternuts, and hickory nuts for food. These squirrels usually remain in their dens and nests during winter. The Gray squirrel must avoid getting into the way of its multiple predators. These predators include hawks, owls, raccoons, and snakes. Socially, these squirrels value relationships and have close associations within their communities. This species of squirrels exhibits unique behaviors when feeding. These squirrels have many predators and have to stay wary of while searching for food. This is the reason why squirrels exhibit multiple behavior changes in their search for food, as they have to strike a balance between feeding and remaining secure. Many scientists have tried to decipher the behavioral patterns of the squirrels in the venture for the search of food. Numerous ecologists have been striving to explain why these behaviors result. This experiment sought to establish the different patterns portrayed during the squirrel’s search for food (Parker and Nilon 2008). Prior to this experiment, we predicted that the gray eastern squirrel portrays several foragi ng patterns. In addition, we hypothesized that there was a relationship the transition from one pattern to the other. Specific predictions suggested that there was vigilance behavior that led to food searching. There was also a possibility that food-handling behavior would precede vigilance behavior. Methods In this experiment, we observed squirrels for duration of fifteen minutes. We used focal fallows to observe the behavioral patterns of the squirrels. After observation, we tallied the frequencies of transitions indicating. Finally, we used chi-square test to determine the relationship between the transition behaviors. Results Statistical analysis of the data derived from tallying the observations presented the data available in the table 2 in the figures shown. The graph in figure shows the number of squirrels that exhibited different transition behaviors. The highest frequency occurred between food searching and food handling. The transition from vigilance behavior to food sear ching presented the lowest frequency. The squirrels also switched from vigilance behavior to food handling at a remarkable frequency. Only in few occurrences did the squirrels exhibit a transition from either vigilance or food handling behavior to engage in social behavior. It became evident that the squirrels did not exhibit any transition from social behavior to food

Ethics In The Health Care Industry Social Work Essay

Ethics In The Health Care Industry Social Work Essay Ethics as it is being used in the health sector is a concept that has evolved over time. There is no doubt that every player in the sector seeks to continually improve their services delivery as well as attaining maximum patient satisfaction in the process. In the last few years, ethics in health has developed through a number of stages. Hippocratic culture dominated traditional ethics in the 1960s where health care providers established relationships with patients. The core values of this relationship were derived from culture. The technological advancements and intensive research has seen developments in biological sciences and biotechnology. With such changes, a new ethical dimension was introduced. Ethical principles of human dignity, compassion, non-malfeasance and social justice However, with time a dilemma arose from the liberalization of health care industry. There emerged a need to harmonize the differences in health needs and resources availed for filling the gap. The scope of health ethics was thus expanded to include quality control, economics, policy formulation and implementation as well as massive research and development. Such efforts and resource harmonization gave birth to an era of health policy and ethics. As time advances there are debates on human rights protection and respect of human dignity (Bryant, Hyder and Kauser, 2007). It is now a fundamental right for every individual to enjoy quality health care without discrimination of any kind. The most recent dimension of health ethics is the fusion of lauded human rights and the fundamental right to obtain quality health services. Contrary to direct definition of health, as the entire state of well being in terms of mental social and physical status of an individual, ethics and human dignity issues are more complicated to completely expound on them. Ethics is solidly founded on cultural convictions developed over time. It derives its relevance and strength from religious and philosophical advocacies deeply embedded on the present leadership systems. It is considered as the ability of a community to clearly and amicably draw a boundary separating what is perceived as wrong and what remains a right thing. Such a boundary touches on the aspects of life right from the way of doing things to the general perception of life. It becomes a big understatement to define ethics without mentioning the famous dimensions used to describe it. It is a cumulative approach of respect to humanity with specific focus on maintenance of autonomy of a person, delivery of justice, rights and upholding of human dignity. Ethics in health policy formulation and implementation focuses on the most cost effective means of delivering a quality health care to all. It is in this light therefore, that ethics attempts to strike a balance between the policies and values cherished by an entire community. Equity is another paramount aspect of importance which cannot be neglected. It is about all that appertains to fairness in the ultimate distribution of gains derived from a robust health advancement which is socially acceptable. It is a concept that goes beyond just accessing health care products but touches on the response aimed at meeting the needs of all persons. Equity aims at ensuring that no one individual is favored in the allocation of resources as well as availing of equal chances of accessing health care (Bankowski, Bryant and Gallagher, 2007). It is therefore a process justified by the outcome. It is important to examine the impact of decisions made on equity. The specific health decisions must go a long way in fostering equity in access to health care services. The health status of most vulnerable groups remains the action points of equity development. There are no specific parameters of determining a group to be classified as vulnerable. However, there are general features which help us in this. There are those who are vulnerable due to social construction while others are as a result of congenital disability. It is usually possible to get an overlap between the two possible causes of vulnerability. The United Nations charter identifies the promotion of human dignity to be one of its core principles. This is evident in the ratifications, conventions and declarations of numerous international agreements in respect of this. One thing that we cannot fail to talk about at the mention of health care is this core principle of promotion of human rights and upholding of human dignity. A good example is the right to information an individual is entitled to on everything that affects his or her health. It is this right that compelled cigarette manufacturing companies to put an information label on their packets. In the recent past, efforts have been put on the reduction of public health burden on the rights of individuals (Sen, Germain and Chen, 2004). Trampling on the rights of a few individuals through quarantine, mandatory testing and isolation in the name of benefiting the majority is no longer ethically acceptable. A good and most recent example is United Nations advocacy of elimination of discrimination against people living with HIV. Together with human rights, dignity is considered an inherent and universal concept. Wide scopes of research in the biomedical field have continued to become the center of discussion on the inherent issues on human dignity. Law enforcers must also expand their focus to other sources of human dignity violation originating from areas outside medical field. Such determinants as political influence, economic factors, technological innovations, environmental concerns and changes in demographics must be looked into. It is important to note that advances have been made so far in the maintenance of human dignity and respect of human rights. Majority of institutions dealing with human health care services have a deliberate way of issuing instructions aimed at improving ethics amongst their staff members. The extent at which ethics instructions are being given is a clear indication of a continuous increase in the expansion in respect of human dignity. The unprecedented attention given to research on health care ethics cannot be attributed to one particular factor. There are a number of reasons as to why every player is shifting focus to this study. To start with, the knowledge explosion on the biotechnology field has availed a number of avenues available for a medical professional in the fight against diseases. It is now possible to handle situations which were once thought to be untreatable. However, this milestone in medical field has not been a bed of roses. A series of mixed reaction continue to emanate from various sections of the society on how ethical are some of these methods. Secondly, the cost of accessing basic health care is sky rocketing across the world. Most governments of the day are spending a substantial portion of their Gross Domestic Product on health care expenses yet most citizens cannot get the care they need. This leaves us in total agreement with Howard Hiatt who say that we have a few resources to use in provision of health care and therefore as a society, we need to ask ourselves two important questions. That is how we spend and allocate them. It is as a result of financial constraints that have made us witness denial of adequate health care, limited access and unfair rationing (Hiatt, 2005). Situational analysis Issues of ethics in health care are numerous. They range from an individual responsibility to the entire corporate obligations. That is why such issues can be approached from two distinct sides. To start with, macro ethical situations entail what cannot be addressed by a specific practitioner. Such issues are those in which the entire body of health professionals and the community at large must deal with in a bid to ensure that health care ethics are defined and respected. As an illustration, issues such as termination of pregnancy, health care resources allocation and organ transplants are in the category of macro situations. On the other hand, micro situations lie squarely on the hands of a single individual health care professional. It must be realized that ripple effects of macro issues are flow into micro situations. Ideally, the topic of health ethics should commence from the generally accepted responsibility a medical officer have towards meeting the needs of patients. This brings to our thoughts the issues of competence and trustworthiness of the health care practitioners. Competency goes beyond possessing enough knowledge to deal with a situation. It includes the ability to articulate issues of health and deliver the services timely and accurately. It is also equally important for a patient to have confidence in the person he or she has entrusted his or her body to. Trustworthiness therefore forms a core factor in the satisfaction of patients which finally culminate to enhancement of health care ethics (Berger, 2003). Legal and ethical rights We are living in an era with serious awakening in discovery of personal rights. The medical professionals have always been assumed to be an all knowing class. A patient would accept to undergo a surgery, take drugs and have a laboratory test without any question or hesitation. This trend referred to as medical paternalism is gradually dying. Patients are becoming consumers with a right to choose what they perceive to best suit them. It is therefore a mandatory standard practice to seek a patients consent before carrying out any procedures aimed at restoring health. Doing anything different from this will not only be unprofessional but totally unethical. The overstepping of a practitioners mandate in administering health care can also attract serious legal action whose far reaching effects can be detrimental in the career of a defendant. Just like any other customer, a patient desires to attain a definite level of satisfaction. Health professionals who are unable to meet the needs of their patients may not be such attractive in future if they survive legal actions. The legal rights of individuals are what we cannot avoid to talk about at the mention of health care ethics. The rights are those privileges a person enjoys as provided and defended in the Constitution of a country. Several legislations avails a patient with a series of rights. A patient seeking the attention of health care providers expects that clinical officers will utilize their gained experience coupled with their knowledge in striving to meet their needs. The patients rights ensure that independent individuals can expect the health care providers to meet their wishes of getting well without fear of otherwise. From a broader view, health care systems are primarily based on the rights of individuals seeking treatment. Patients have a sole responsibility of selecting who or what best suits them in terms of health care facilities and doctors. It is required that the patient gives a go ahead of any process through a fairly attained informed consent. This scheme may look very attractive to a person whose has enough economic muscle to meet the cost of treatment. The patients right assumes that everyone patient can comfortably settle hospital bills. On contrary, this right is as good as not being there for the patient who does not have a medical cover or enough money to pay (Bankowski, 2006). Although United Nations Declaration of Human Rights says that that all persons have a right medical treatment you cannot walk to a health care facility and demand for treatment. It is not enough to receive medical treatment; safety and effectiveness of the services are two paramount features that a treatment seeker is entitled to put into consideration. Ethical rights impose a responsibility on health care practitioners. The Hippocratic Oath results in a duty by the health professionals to do all they can in benefiting the patients and avoidance of any foreseeable harm. It can be argued that the health care providers must act at the best interest of the patients with disregard to how others are affected by their actions. A legality dilemma created by this Hippocratic Oath is diffused by the controversial exposition by Rem Edwards who claims that the health care providers are obligated to alleviating the aching and suffering of health care seekers. The defects in this point of view are evident on the side of health professionals who operate under strict constraints of laws. The responsibilities of health professionals are thus in conflict with earlier mentioned rights of the patients in the light of ethical and legal correctness. Ordering a health care expert to pursue a personal approach and do what contradicts the law, yet ethical, process in the patient with total disregard of what may befall them legally is as good as telling them to suppress what is important to them in favor of the patient. Ethical analysis It is important for a health care provider to continually examine his action so as to ascertain whether he is doing the right thing or not. In 1989, Robert Veatch proposed a four step blueprint which can be used by the health practitioners. This method of analysis involves making sure that there is sufficient knowledge backed by facts for every situation. The second step is bringing in to play whatever is morally upright in relation to the situation at hand. Ethical principles are given a consideration it deserves at the third step. Once the three steps have been taken care of, a fourth and last step of looking in to ethical theories is done. This provides health practitioners with a reliable, powerful tool available for use when faced with a situation demanding an ethical decision making. This theory formulated by Veatch approaches situation in a chronological manner. He goes ahead to argue that an ethical dilemma can be sorted not necessarily through the four steps but by just laying down the actual facts about a condition. If the application of step number one cannot provide a way out, step two is considered. This focuses on the moral rules guided closely by confidentiality or patients consent. At the event that dilemma persists, ethical guidelines of step three are used. The ethical principle encompasses aspects such as maintenance of autonomy, fidelity, nonmaleficence and beneficence. At this point, the stalemate must have been broken. However, it is possible to have unclear solutions even with the application of ethical principles. It is because of such a situation that a health care professional is compelled to use an ultimate tool available in step four. Ethical theories are the final solution finder in a hard decision making procedure. A particle and most recent example is seeking of consent of an organ donor. There have been several conflicting issues surrounding organ transplants. The ever growing imbalance between the number of organs demanded and those available for sale has played a major role in heightening the differences between proponents and opponents of this process. It is the obligation of clinicians to make sure that the wishes of prospective organ donors are respected to the later (Beauchamp and Childress, 2009). Various regulations have been put in place to ensure the respect of free will and human dignity of a donor whether death or alive. Conclusion The challenges facing health care professionals continue to rise with technological advancements and sky rocketing costs of health care. It is therefore of paramount importance to equip them with sufficient knowledge of ethical tools for use in such situations today or in days to come. Totally relying upon ethical codes, principles and theories may not be enough in decision making but serves by providing a rough idea.