Brain Drain In The Philippine Education

Developing nations are grappling with a phenomenon that started taking shape in the 1960s and in the 70s. A look at most countries in Asia indicates increased levels of influx towards the developed western nations. According to a report released by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Asia is losing billions of dollars in terms of brain drain as its highly skilled workforce and professionals are leaving their countries in droves towards the developed countries for a more rewarding pay. India has lost IT professionals renowned for their computing intelligence.China too has lost people of expertise with almost two thirds of students studying abroad failing to return to their motherland. The list of countries suffering from brain drain runs long, the causes are deep-seated and the implications are inadvertently detrimental to the nation’s economies. Of special concern in this paper is the case of Philippines whose education sector has had adverse effects due to the in creased rate of brain drain amongst teachers. A look at the pattern of labor movement from Philippines to other nations reveals that it has undergone interesting metamorphosis with progressive adverse effects on the economy.Brain drain is a phenomenon that started in the early seventies though not in large droves experienced today. Before then however as Florian and Danilo (2003) note, ‘the movement of highly skilled Filipino professionals though significant was principally a private initiative among workers and their placement abroad. † In the early seventies and the 80s, majority of the Philippines were heading to the Middle East at a mere number of 36, 035 in 1975. This figure however would rise significantly to 214,590 in 1980 and to over 791 000 contract workers in 1998 (Florian & Danilo, 2003).The influx of teachers abroad is as a resultant effect of the push and pull factors between the immigration and the emigration countries. These push factors may range from la ck of employment opportunities as well as the pursuit of a better life and career progression. The unemployment rate in the recent years has ranged between 7 and 11 % and has been the force behind the massive brain drain. Philippines economy is based on a rocky foundation fuelled by agriculture, remittances from abroad and industries that are still in their formative stage. Unemployment is rife and the influx experienced is in the bid to escape this.Philippines economy possesses a limited capacity to absorb less than a million people in terms of employment. This is a small number compared to the high number of graduates and semi skilled personnel it is producing annually. The prospects of employment in foreign lands are a comforting respite to many. A look at the recent educational trends reveals that the country pool of trained professionals and graduates has been on the rise. The country produced over three million graduates in the 90s ranging from different professions although t he bulk of this was in the business related courses.A significant proportion of this comprised of teachers which has been of the most affected profession in terms of brain drain. According to the officials in the education sector, education in Philippines is undergoing a crisis as a direct consequence of brain drain. This is not a problem that affect schools at the formative level but according to J. Florendo B. , even the universities where â€Å"compensation packages and school environment are considered competitive enough by Philippines standards are not exempt from the lure of overseas employment.† (2008) A look at the influx of teachers from Philippines reveals a worrisome trend. It is a clear indication of the situation on the ground. According to the figures released by the Philippine Overseas Employment Statistics, there were as few as 112 teachers that emigrated in search for greener pastures in 1992. This figure was however to increase rapidly in the coming ten year s. J. Florendo B. L. notes that between 1992 and 2002 â€Å"2289 teachers were deployed abroad. † A significant portion of this went to the United States at 45. 2 %.These figures however refer to contract workers and fail to capture the total number of teachers that emigrated. According to the commission on Filipino overseas, there was â€Å"a total of 9,608 emigrant teachers from 1988 to 2001. † (J. Florendo, 2008. ) Over 75% of these teachers moved to the United States. 20 % of all emigrants are trained teachers which leaves Philippines with no sources of teachers to replace those that are moving. Unemployment rates apart, the meager wage awarded to many even in lucrative professions is a lead cause to the emigration.In private schools, teachers earn less than 400 us dollars while their counterparts in the public schools at an entry level take home close to 230 US dollars a month. This is a meager amount compared to over four thousand dollars a month in the United St ates (J. Florendo B. , 2008). The working conditions of the public schools have also exacerbated the need to search for greener pastures. Public schools in Philippine are in a sorry state, largely overcrowded and the inherent corruption across the bureaucracy hinders the emergence of any chance for career progression.The inability of the Philippine’s economy to absorb trained graduate teachers in the public school has not helped either. Philippine produces over 30 thousand teachers at the elementary and secondary level but only a quarter of this number is a absorbed into the public schools. With the huge percentage increase in graduates, the government has only been able to increase its rate by a mere 1. 7 percent creating an oversupply in eligible teachers and hence the emigration Remuneration prospects apart, the proficiency of most Filipinos in English makes them attractive in overseas markets.According to Robert et al â€Å"English continues to dominate the Philippines e ducational system. † He also notes that English â€Å"language has been seriously cultivated for non literary academic purposes since the bilingual education policy of 1974. † The fluency in English hence places Philippines professions at a higher competitive level compared to their counterparts across Asia. (1999) Brain drain across all the professions though it has had some positive contributions, is has adversely affected Philippines economy. The most affected is the education sector. Brain drain in the long run is detrimental to the economy in general.As Michel et al (2001) notes, â€Å"migration of people endowed with a high level of human capital-the so called â€Å"brain drain† is detrimental for the country of emigration. † This has been the case of Philippines especially in some of the selected sectors. Ronald Meinarchs points out clearly that â€Å"the more and better educated a people the greater the chances of economic development. † Whe reas Philippines may be producing professionals through its elaborate system of training and education, the bulk of this population is not directly beneficial to its economy as it immediately emigrates in search of jobs and greener pastures(2003).As a fore mentioned, Philippines is grappling with an acute shortage of qualified and effective teachers. The best teachers in the sector have all fled the country towards the developed nations. This has led to a decline in the quality of education. It is to be noted that most of the teachers that emigrate to north America are the best in the market considering that recruitment standards in the United States are elaborate and require high credentials. High schools are the most affected as the teachers there have a mastery of what they teach.It becomes hard for the department of education in Philippines to fill such posts with suitable replacements in a country where almost all professionals are on the run. It is important to note that there is an undeniable fact on the positive attributes of brain drain in Philippines especially the remittances that have contributed immensely to the economy. These remittances from abroad amount to over us $ 8. 5 billion annually which is almost 10 % of the whole Philippines GDP.It is not however clear how much of this amount is from teachers that work in North America but it is apparent that their remittances are not channeled towards improving the quality of education at home. There are a number of steps that should be taken to address the detrimental impact of brain drain in the educational sector. While it is not possible to restrict the emigration of labor in this age of globalization, the government should lump teachers together with pilots terming them as possessing ‘critical skills. † This will hence require them to work in the country for a certain period of time before they emigrate.This will give the government ample time to train replacements. It is a major conc ern to note that Philippine, though brain drain subsidizes the developed countries’ cost of educating and training professionals. Philippine spends colossal amount of resources to nurture personnel only for them to emigrate at the nick of time. To improve education, the government should spend a considerable amount of the remittances to improve the education system as well as providing tax incentives to encourage remittances.ReferencesRobert B. Kaplan, Richard B. Baldauf, 1999. Language Planning in Malawi, Mozambique and the Philippines. Multilingual Matters Jo. Florendo B. Lontoc, A May-June 2008. Situation on Philippine Education University of the Philippines. Volume 9 Number 3. http://www. up. edu. ph/upforum. php? i=94 Ronald Meinardus, June 30, 2003. The Crisis of Public Education in the Philippines Business World Internet Edition: http://www. fnf. org. ph/liberalopinion/crisis-public-education-philippines. htm Cecil Morella, April 23, 2005. Medical brain drain threat to Philippines The Standard. http://www. thestandard. com. hk/stdn/std/World/GD23Wd04. htmlMigration and the Labour Market in Asia: Recent Trends and Policies Organisation for Nihon Rodo Kyokai, 2003. Economic Co-Operation and Development, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Publishing. Florian A. Albura, Danilo I Abella, 2003. Developing countries: study on Philippines. International Programme. International Labor Office Geneva. Michel Beine, Frederic Docquier and Hilel Rapport, 2001. Brain drain and economic growth: Theory and evidence. Journal of development Economics. Vol 64 (275-289) Andrew Mountford, 1997. Can a brain drain be good for growth in the source economy? Journal o

Aristotle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Aristotle - Essay Example For this reason, happiness seems to be unreachable. Yet if one would look at happiness not on the basis of fulfilled desires, perhaps, happiness is indeed attainable – but undiscovered by many. Hence, this draws to the question on how happiness can be used to measure life’s worth. In such case, it seems appropriate to rely on moral principles dictated by ethics. Aristotle (12) defines happiness to be a measure of good life and good action. While it is understandable how happiness is equated to good life, the concept of ‘good’ often remains subjective. For a peasant who has been enduring months of labor, an abundant harvest defines a good life. Yet this may not mean anything to a powerful landowner who has already been living in abundance all his life. In the same sense, it is common to think that the children of the peasants, who inherited slavery from their parents, are bound not to live a good life. However, Aristotle (13) pointed that life is already goo d in itself. This is to say that regardless of the condition, whether it be of the landowner or the peasant, life is always good for goodness is a state of soul (Aristotle 13). It is essential, therefore, to discover the goodness in one’s life even though at times, goodness is not blatantly laid before us. It has to be realized for it to be discovered. To illustrate, it is said that there are people born with inborn talents. However, without practice, the talent will remain undiscovered. If a dancer is too shy to perform, no one would appreciate the talent no matter how good the person is and as such, the person would not be recognized as talented even if the truth is, the talent is inborn to that person. Through time, the talent will remain hidden, unpracticed and never discovered. Moreover, with regards to the landowner in the previous example, despite the abundance of harvests, life for him may remain to be not good, perhaps due to lack of satisfaction. Therefore, this is to say that what seems to be good to some may not necessarily be considered as so by others even if in reality, it is indeed good in itself. Nevertheless, the above example shows how something which the majority is likely to consider ‘good’ may still be perceived otherwise by the one who failed to discover its goodness. However, there are also things which the majority would agree to be ‘not good’ such as ugliness and poverty. But then again, in line with principles of Aristotle, this agreement is not true for everything is innately good (13). Take for instance, slavery. While it is uncommon to realize its goodness, doing so is still possible. In Alice Walker’s novel, The Color Purple, poor Celie has been praying to God whom she has always thought of as a male white man. Yet despite her prayers, she continues to experience exploitation and was even forced by her father to leave the house and marry an abusive husband. But then, if she were not born to this situation, she would not have met the people who would teach her the meaning of life in deeper perspective. There was Shug, her husband’s lover, who made her realize that her image of God is simply what the society dictates her and Sophia who showed her that women are not born oppressed and it is possible to be superior over men. These people define goodness in the life of Celie. One cannot assign qualities to things despite of what the society agrees on for even poverty and slavery carry innate goodness. But then again, one may

Catalysis and catalysts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Catalysis and catalysts - Essay Example With this introduction, this essay will demonstrate how catalysts speed up reactions, explain how they work by using the enthalpy reaction profiles, and demonstrate the difference between the heterogeneous and homogenous catalysts and showing examples (Bruice, 2007). A reaction can be sped up by a catalyst since they offer an optional route for the reactions to happen. They lessen the necessary reaction energy for the reactants to create products, therefore, atoms; at any given time will have the necessary energy for activation in order for the products to form. This principle is based on the collision particle theory (Gates, 1992) Reactant molecules interaction with catalysts to provide other routes for the response that connects a lower activation as compared to that of the non-catalyzed reactions. Many of the molecules that interact have energies that are bigger as compared to the lower enthalpy activation. Many of the collisions therefore end in a successful reaction and the conversion rates of reactant to product are enhanced and this demonstrates how catalysts function through enthalpy profiles (McNaught and Wilkinson, 1997) The two main groups of catalysts are homogeneous and heterogeneous. The catalyst in a heterogeneous reaction is in a diverse state as compared to the reactant. Catalyst in a homogeneous reaction is in a similar state as the reactant(Bell, 1973). This is pointless, in practice, because ethane that is extremely useful is being converted to ethane that is relatively useless. The same reaction however will occur with any compound having a double bond of carbon-carbon. In the vegetable oils hydrogenation one of the vital industrial applications is in its use in making margarine that also entails carbon-carbon double bond reaction in the vegetable oil with a nickel catalyst having a hydrogen presence. Hydrogen is created as before a link with the carbon, and that eventually also ends up breaking free. On the nickel’s surface

The Gospel of Mark, Acts and Ephesians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Gospel of Mark, Acts and Ephesians - Essay Example The Gospel of Mark is a historical narrative of the affairs and the person of Jesus Christ. Nevertheless, it cannot be called a biographical narrative. It says nothing about Jesus birth, childhood, family, and education. In Gospel of Mark, there is no attempt to describe any period of Jesus life in detail. It is almost a continuous series of episodes from the life of Christ. The last week of Jesus life is described in more detail. Mark’s approach is characterized by a special objectivity. In his narrative, there are no comments, and the events seem to say for themselves. There is no attempt to hide or exaggerate the supernatural aspects of Jesus life. Miracles performed by Jesus are always associated with the extreme need of any person (1:34, 1:41, 2:12, 3:10, 4:39, 5:29, 6:56, 7:30, 8:25, 9:27, 10:52, ). They are performed not in order to surprise the crowd, but in order to help people. The narrative is constructed as if Jesus is calmly and confidently moving towards His goal , making it clear that the outcome of his ministry will be a resurrection (8:31, 9:31, 10:34). Mark leaves the reader to decide him/herself whether Jesus is only a man. The main Mark’s goal is evangelism that is an attempt to introduce the person of Christ and His work as a new message - "Gospel" (in the truest sense of the word). Marks narration does not involve theological training and knowledge of the Old Testament. His short stories, apt comments, and aphorisms may be the characteristic of a preacher, addressing to a diverse street crowd. One cannot state that the Gospel of Mark is the sample of a literary style, however, it conveys the image of Christ with remarkable accuracy and power. Â  

Developing small business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Developing small business - Essay Example A strong economy aids consumer confidence and encourages the propensity to eat out. Another study that surveyed 456 companies in UK in the same industry found that "There has never been a better time for these dynamic companies to splash the cash.†(Big Hospitality 2008). Another report from researchand market.com predicts that â€Å"The UK catering market will produce further steady growth over the period from 2008 to 2012†. It further adds, â€Å"Over the longer term, the UK economy is expected to remain favourable, and a strong incoming tourist market should continue to boost sales†. Many leading operators and pub chains have planned expansion and refurbishment with the greater emphasis on food, should also encourage sales growth. In view of these positive trends from the industry, it is therefore proposed that a Restaurant be setup in London to capitalize on the opportunity presented. However, keeping in mind the large number of existing Restaurants already prevailing, it is proposed that the said restaurant should include something different from others that can attract the public and ultimately hook them to the food and ambience. The emphasis is equally on ambience as the plans are to provide visitors with an experience so invigorating to all their senses. This proposal aims to create a multi bandwidth, multimedia, distributed virtual reality (VR) environment for entertainment, socializing, eating out and for stimulating and providing fulfilling experiences to all the human senses with a new paradigm. A virtual environment, where surroundings are immersive, i.e. the guests are inside a three dimensional, multi-sensorial world. This can be achieved with the help of stereoscopy, motion, and 3D sound woven together to create the illusion of being inside virtual worlds. Presentations developed using multimedia technologies are interactive as well. Guests have the abilities to move, look around, and act upon objects

Major Issues of Higher Education in Pakistan Literature review

Major Issues of Higher Education in Pakistan - Literature review Example This paper declares that apart from the problematic educational policies one of the major issues in higher education is gender difference. There is significant inequality among male and female students. Some fields are purely dedicated to females on societal level, for instance, medical profession. Contrary to this engineering and technology departments are usually filled with male students. Education provides many benefits apart from the acquisition of social power and therefore there should not be gender differences. The mind development, critical thinking, management skills and administration are all linked with education. If females are discouraged to enroll in universities then it is hard to expect that Pakistan will progress on national level. This report makes a conclusion that equal opportunity and organizational structures are actually influenced by both the micro and macro social factors. Since women face gender discrimination at the university level therefore they are exposed to similar issues during their stay at organizations which certainly reflects the lower moral values taught at the higher education institutions. Although research activities are increasing in Pakistan but overall there is a huge gap between the demand and supply of professionals who can actually conduct quality research work. Furthermore, the private sector universities are found to be receptive to the real market demands while allowing youth to access better education facilities. However, these facilities are still inadequate as compared to the number of individuals pursuing higher education in the country

Shared Talking Styles Essay Example for Free

Shared Talking Styles Essay Talking styles plays an important part of the communication in our everyday lives. These styles can both hinder and help communication. It is especially true in close relationships with others. This essay will discuss the article â€Å"Shared Talking Styles Herald New and Lasting Romance† as well as discussing the accuracy of a language style matching program and whether or not the language style matching is a comprehensive way to predict quality in an interpersonal relationship. Therefore, according to the article â€Å"sharing Talking Styles Herald New and Lasting Romance,† â€Å"a subtle, surprisingly ordinary type of playful and teasing lies at the heart of romance. Love flames get fanned when a man and women similarly employ words such as, I, it, but, and under in everyday conversation† (Bower, 2010). These words seem so little however, mean so much when used romantically. Nevertheless, the article also discusses different aspects on how those that truly hate each other can show a high amount of language style. That means those who are fighting tend to talk in similar ways. If two people like and understand each other, they will use similar wording regardless of the different nouns and verbs that they may use to communicate with each other. One way of testing this kind of communication, is a website, which will provide results of language style matching. I took a few emails that my significant other and I shared between each other while he was in Mexico working. From those emails, we only matched at 48 percent. Given the information, I feel that the results were inaccurate. I do believe that this program may present accurate results when there is enough information in the emails or text messages that are input into the program. The emails did not present much information as with our conversation we had on the telephone. I believe that this program can show a lot of good information when there is enough text for the program to do an appropriate result. This kind of can improve the aspect of how people see their relationships. I also believe that the language style matching can be a comprehensive way for the quality of interpersonal relationships to be predicted. This is not something that is needed for relationships to work; however, it is a tool that can help a couple to see at what percentage they are similar in how they speak. This can be a good tool for those that have trouble understanding each other as it will tell them what their language match percentage is. I do not suggest that you should base your relationship on the score; however, this can open each other’s eyes and how they can focus on a better way of and work on their communication style. Interpersonal relationships require a level of understanding. This is especially true in a romantic relationship. Talking styles can also be effected by self-esteem. â€Å"It is desirable to have high self-esteem. However, some individuals have such a high opinion of their self-worth that they believe they are better, more deserving, or more special than others do. An inflated self-image or extremely high self-esteem can negatively affect your friendships, work relationships, and romantic relationships† (Sole, 2011, Sec 3. ). Nevertheless, it does not matter the talking style, the self-esteem can have an adverse effect on the understanding or what you want those around you to understand. This essay discussed factors of talking styles. It described the article â€Å"Shared Talking Styles Herald New and Lasting Romance† as well as discussing accuracy in a language style-matching program. Talking styles are very important aspect in the communication that we use in our lives. Talking styles change the way that our communication is understood.